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The Writings of Chuang Tzu (Inner Chapters) · 48 of 57 · tr. James Legge

Book 128 (part 9)

257 [paragraph continues] 'I have lost all thought of ceremonies and music.' 'Very well, but that is not enough., A third day, Hui again saw (the Master), and said, 'I am making progress.' 'What do you mean?' 'I sit and forget everything 1 .' Kung-nî changed countenance, and said, 'What do you mean by saying that you sit and forget (everything)?' Yen Hui replied, 'My connexion with the body and its parts is dissolved; my perceptive organs are discarded. Thus leaving my material form, and bidding farewell to my knowledge, I am become one with the Great Pervader 2 . This I call sitting and forgetting all things.' Kung-nî said, 'One (with that Pervader), you are free from all likings; so transformed, you are become impermanent. You have, indeed, become superior to me! I must ask leave to follow in your steps 3 .' 15. Dze-yü 4 and Dze-sang 4 were friends. (Once), when it had rained continuously for ten days, Dze-yü said, 'I fear that Dze-sang may be in distress.' So he wrapped up some rice, and went to give it to him to eat. When he came to Dze-sang's door, there issued from it sounds between singing and wailing; p. 258 a lute was struck, and there came the words, 'O Father! O Mother! O Heaven! O Men!' The voice could not sustain itself, and the line was hurriedly pronounced. Dze-yü entered and said, 'Why are you singing, Sir, this line of poetry in such a way?' The other replied, 'I was thinking, and thinking in vain, how it was that I was brought to such extremity. Would my parents have wished me to be so poor? Heaven overspreads all without any partial feeling, and so does Earth sustain all;--would Heaven and Earth make me so poor with any unkindly feeling? I was trying to find out who had done it, and I could not do so. But here I am in this extremity!--it is what was appointed for me 1 !' Footnotes 236:1 See pp. 134-136. 236:2 Both 'Heaven' and 'Man' here are used in the Tâoistic sense;--the meaning which the terms commonly have both with Lao and Kwang. 236:3 The middle member of this sentence is said to be the practical outcome of all that is said in the Book; conducting the student of the Tâo to an unquestioning submission to the experiences in his lot, which are beyond his comprehension, and approaching nearly to what we understand by the Christian virtue of Faith. 236:4 That is, there may be the conflict, to the end of life, between p. 237 faith and fact, so graphically exhibited in the Book of job, and compendiously described in the seventy-third Psalm. 237:1 Here we meet with the True Man, a Master of the Tâo. He is the same as the Perfect Man, the Spirit-like Man, and the Sagely Man (see pp. 127, 128), and the designation is sometimes interchanged in the five paragraphs that follow with 'the Sagely Man.' Mr. Balfour says here that this name 'is used in the esoteric sense,--"partaking of the essence of divinity;"' and he accordingly translates by 'the divine man.' But he might as well translate any one of the other three names in the same way.
Themes
Detachment Gelassenheitpraxis

Eckhart's Abgeschiedenheit/Gelassenheit — radical letting-go of will, image, and grasping that opens the soul to God; distinct from inner_silence (quietness) and from material renunciation, and adjacent to Sufi tark and Buddhist non-grasping as a practice rather than a metaphysical claim.

Yen Hui practices radical letting-go of will and knowledge ('lost all thought'), opening the self to the Tao without grasping.

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Divine Providencetheology

Pronoia — the doctrine that the divine actively orders the unfolding of the cosmos and human affairs toward intelligible ends, against pure chance or blind necessity.

Dze-sang accepts his poverty as 'what was appointed for me,' reflecting a trust in the ordering of Heaven and Earth.

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Fana Annihilationsoteriology

Sufi self-effacement in God — the via by which the lover is unmade as a separate ego and recovered as God's act; specifies the practice/event rather than mystical_union's resulting state.

The process of 'sitting and forgetting' involves the unmaking of the ego and self-identity ('bidding farewell to my knowledge'), paralleling Sufi self-effacement.

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Self Knowledgesoteriology

The recognition of one's own true divine nature as the primary path to liberation; 'know thyself' as soteriology.

The realization of unity with the Pervader requires a deep recognition of one's true nature beyond the material form.

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Spiritual Ascentpraxis

A staged journey of the soul upward through heavenly realms or levels of being toward the divine source.

Yan Hui describes his state as 'making progress' and Confucius wishes to follow in his steps toward a higher state.

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Sunyata Emptinesssoteriology

The Buddhist doctrine that all phenomena lack independent self-nature; emptiness as the positive recognition that things arise only in dependence on conditions — distinct from kenoma's mere deficiency.

The concept of 'forgetting all things' and dissolving the self parallels the Buddhist doctrine of emptiness regarding independent self-nature.

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Theosis Deificationsoteriology

The doctrine — central to Eastern Orthodox and Maximian theology — that the human person is progressively transformed into a partaker of the divine nature by grace, not merely justified or united in passing ecstasy.

The footnote explicitly links the 'True Man' to 'partaking of the essence of divinity,' and Confucius acknowledges Yen Hui's superior transformation.

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Apophatic Theologytheology

Describing the divine only by negation—God transcends all positive categories and concepts; the via negativa.

[auto] The divine state is described through negation: forgetting knowledge, discarding organs, and dissolving connexion.

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Body As Obstacleanthropology

The material body viewed as a prison, tomb, or source of error that hinders spiritual knowledge and return.

[auto] Yan Hui states his connexion with the body is dissolved and he leaves his material form to achieve the spiritual state.

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Gnosis Direct Knowledgesoteriology

Salvation through direct experiential knowledge of the divine nature, not through faith, ritual, or moral works alone.

[auto] Salvation or progress is achieved through direct experiential realization ('sitting and forgetting') rather than ritual observance.

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Inner Silencepraxis

The practice of stilling the mind and speech to open receptivity to divine knowledge or presence.

[auto] The practice of 'sitting and forgetting' implies stilling the mind and thought to access the higher state.

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Meditationpraxis

Disciplined inward attention — sitting, focused, or open-awareness practice — as a stand-alone term that umbrellas active_contemplation, inner_silence, and dhyana-style sitting.

[auto] The practice of 'sitting and forgetting' (Zuo Wang) is a central meditative discipline described in the text for achieving spiritual transformation.

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Mystical Unionsoteriology

The merging of the individual soul or self with the divine, transcending personal identity.

[auto] The passage explicitly describes Yan Hui becoming 'one with the Great Pervader' through the practice of sitting and forgetting.

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Opposites Transcendedanthropology

The dissolution of binary oppositions (male/female, inner/outer, above/below) as a mark of spiritual completion.

[auto] The transformed state is described as being free from all likings and transcending the permanence of ordinary existence.

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Paradox As Teachingethics

Using apparent contradiction, reversal, or riddle to destabilise ordinary understanding and induce insight.

[auto] The instruction to 'sit and forget' uses a paradoxical formulation to destabilize ordinary understanding of practice.

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Rejection Of Hypocrisyethics

Critique of outward religious observance that lacks inner transformation; form without substance.

[auto] Yan Hui reports losing all thought of ceremonies and music, prioritizing inner transformation over external ritual.

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Return To Sourcesoteriology

The soul's journey back to its divine origin, reversing the fall into matter through stages of purification or illumination.

[auto] The goal is to become one with the Great Pervader, reversing the attachment to material form and knowledge.

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Unity Of Beingtheology

The doctrine that all existence is ultimately one substance or one divine reality; non-duality as a theological claim.

[auto] The core theme is non-duality, expressed as merging with the Great Pervader and transcending distinctions.

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Wu Weipraxis

Effortless action aligned with the spontaneous flow of the Dao; non-coercive, non-striving conduct that yields results without forcing — the sage acts without acting.

[auto] The passage describes 'sitting and forgetting' and accepting one's lot as 'appointed,' embodying the Taoist ideal of effortless action and non-striving alignment with the Dao.

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Related passages · 2 parallels
christian_mysticism|The Life and Doctrines of Jacob Boehme|Chapter 13 (part 1)
p. 263 CHAPTER XIII. REGENERATION. "Art thou a master of Israel, and knowest not of those things?" — John iii. 10. "Whoever will come after Me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow Me."— Luke ix. 23. No man c…”
Both passages discuss the concept of transcending the physical self and uniting with a higher, divine reality. Chuang Tzu's passage describes 'sitting and forgetting' to become one with the Great Pervader, while the Christian passage discusses spiritual regeneration and becoming one with Christ.
neoplatonism|Select Works of Plotinus|Select Works, Section 218
Section 4 4. But is this lower extremity of our intellective phase fettered to body for ever? No: if we turn, this turns by the same act. And the Soul of the All- are we to think that when it turns from this sphere its lower phase similarly…”
Both passages discuss the transcendence of the physical and sensory aspects of existence to achieve a higher, more spiritual state. They emphasize the dissolution of the self and the union with a greater, divine principle, though they use different cultural and philosophical frameworks.