The Egyptian Book of the Dead (Papyrus of Ani) · 308 of 357 · tr. E.A. Wallis Budge
Chapter 43 (part 69)
unity of a supreme and self-existent being, his eternity, his almightiness, and external reproduction thereby as God; the attributing of the creation of the world and of all living beings to this supreme God; the immortality of the soul, completed by the dogma of punishments and rewards: such is the sublime and persistent base which, notwithstanding all deviations and all mythological embellishments, must secure for the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians a most honourable place among the religions of antiquity." Nine years later he developed this view, and discussed the difficulty of reconciling the belief in the unity of God with the polytheism which existed in Egypt from the earliest times, and he repeated his conviction that the Egyptians believed in a self-existent God who was One Being, who had created man, and who had endowed him with an immortal soul. In fact, de Rougé amplifies what Champollion-Figeac (relying upon his brother's information) wrote in 1839: "The Egyptian religion is a pure monotheism, which manifested itself externally by a symbolic polytheism." M.
Pierret adopts the view that the texts show us that the Egyptians believed in One infinite and eternal God who was without a second, and he repeats Champollion's dictum. But the most recent supporter of the monotheistic theory is Dr.
Brugsch, who has collected a number of striking passages from the texts.
From these passages we may select the following:-- God is one and alone, and none other existeth with Him--God is the One, the One who hath made all things--God is a spirit, a hidden spirit, the spirit of spirits, the great spirit of the Egyptians, the divine spirit--God is from the beginning, and He hath been from the beginning, He hath existed from old and was when nothing else had being.
He existed when nothing else existed, and what existeth He created after He had come into being, He is the Father of beginnings--God is the eternal One, He is eternal and infinite and endureth for ever and aye--God is hidden and no man knoweth His form.
No man hath been able to seek out His likeness; He is hidden to gods and men, and He is a mystery unto His creatures.
No man knoweth how to know Him--His name remaineth hidden; His name is a mystery unto His children.
His names are innumerable, they are manifold and none knoweth their number--God is truth and He liveth by truth and He feedeth thereon.
He is the king of truth, and He hath stablished the earth thereupon--God is life and through Him [1.
Études des Rituel Funéraire des Anciens Égyptiens (in Revue Archéologique ), Paris, 1860, p.
72.
2.
La croyance à l'Unité du Dieu suprême, à ses attributs de Créateur et de Législateur de l'homme, qu'il a doué d'une âme immortelle; voilà les notions primitives enchâssées comme des diamants indestructibles au milieu des superfétations mythologiques accumulées par les siècles qui ont passé sur cette vieille civilization.
See Conference sur la Religion des anciens Égyptiens (in Annales de Philosophic Chrétienne , 5 ième Série, t.
xx., Paris, 1869, pp.
325-337).
3.
Égypte , Paris, 1839, p.
245, col.
1.
4.
Le Panthéon Égyptien , Paris, 1881, p.
4.] only man liveth.
Narratives or doctrines of cosmic origin — how heaven, earth, and the primordial deities first came into being. The Kojiki's deities born alone on the Plain of High Heaven, Voluspo's Ginnungagap, Genesis's tohu wa-bohu, the Timaeus's Demiurge fashioning the Receptacle, the Hesiodic Theogony, the Kalevala's egg-cosmogony, Egyptian Nun-and-Atum. Distinct from emanation_hierarchy (structural-ontological cascade), letters_of_creation (mechanism of creation), and apocatastasis/frashokereti (end-state restoration); cosmogony is temporally-narrative beginning.
The passage states 'He existed when nothing else existed, and what existeth He created after He had come into being, He is the Father of beginnings,' narrating the origin of the cosmos from a pre-existing divine being.
The doctrine that God has no parts, divisions, or composite attributes; pure undivided being.
'God is one and alone, and none other existeth with Him' and 'the One who hath made all things' express God as undivided, without parts or composite attributes.
[auto] As a chapter from the Book of the Dead, this text functions as a ritual incantation intended to ensure life and victory over death for the deceased.
The Egyptian principle of truth, balance, and right order underlying both the cosmos and human conduct; the parallel to Zoroastrian asha and Greek dike.
As a passage from the Egyptian Book of the Dead, the identification of God with truth (Maat) as the principle stablishing the earth directly expresses the Egyptian cosmic order concept.
The absolutely simple, undivided first principle from which all multiplicity and existence flows.
The passage repeatedly emphasizes God as 'the One,' 'one and alone,' the singular first principle from which all things were created, closely matching the monad concept.
Divine names or formulas that carry ontological power, used in prayer, liturgy, or magical practice.
[auto] The passage centers on the power of Ra's secret name to grant life and expel poison, explicitly stating that knowing the name allows Isis to heal him.
Iamblichean ritual practice that engages the gods directly through consecrated material symbols and actions, on the premise that divine power descends into properly prepared matter — distinct from philosophical contemplation alone.
Isis employs enchantments and spoken words to directly compel a god and alter his physical state.
The doctrine that all existence is ultimately one substance or one divine reality; non-duality as a theological claim.
The entire scholarly discussion centers on the claim that the Egyptians believed in a single supreme God from whom all existence flows, expressing non-dual unity as a theological claim.