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The Dhammapada · 3 of 5 · tr. F. Max Müller

Chapter I, Section 1c

The play on the words anikkasâvo kâsâvam, or in Sanskrit anishkashâya h kâshâyam, cannot be rendered in English. Kashâya means 'impurity,' nish-kashâya, 'free from impurity,' anish-kashâya, 'not free from impurity,' while kâshâya is the name of the yellowish Buddhist garment. The pun is evidently a favourite one, for, as Fausböll shows, it occurs also in the Mahâbhârata, XII, 568: Anishkashâye kâshâyam îhârtham iti viddhi tam, Dharmadhva g ânâ m mu nd ânâ m v ri ttyartham iti me mati h . 'Know that this yellow-coloured garment on a man who is not free from impurity, serves only for the purpose or cupidity; my opinion is, that it is meant to supply the means of living to those shavelings, who carry their virtue or the dharma like a flag.' (I read v ri ttyartham, according to the Bombay edition, instead of k ri târtham, the reading of the Calcutta edition.) On the exact colour of the dress, see Bishop Bigandet, The Life or Legend or Gaudama, the Budha of the Burmese, Rangoon, 1866, p. 504. Cf. G âtaka, vol. ii. p. 198.] p. 6 10. But he who has cleansed himself from sin, is well grounded in all virtues, and regards also temperance and truth, he is indeed worthy of the yellow dress. 11. They who imagine truth in untruth, and see untruth in truth, never arrive at truth, but follow vain desires. 12. They who know truth in truth, and untruth in untruth, arrive at truth, and follow true desires. 13. As rain breaks through an ill-thatched house, passion will break through an unreflecting mind. 14. As rain does not break through a well-thatched house, passion will not break through a well-reflecting mind. 15. The evil-doer mourns in this world, and he [10. With regard to sîla, 'virtue,' see Burnouf, Lotus, p. 547. 11, 12. Sâra, which I have translated by 'truth,' has many meanings in Sanskrit. It means the sap of a thing, then essence or reality; in a metaphysical sense, the highest reality; in a moral sense, truth. It is impossible in a translation to do more than indicate the meaning of such words, and in order to understand them fully, we must know not only their definition, but their history. See Beal, Dhammapada, p. 64. 13. See Beal, Dhammapada, p. 65. 15. Kili tth a is klish t a, a participle of kli s . It means literally, what is spoilt. The abstract noun kle s a, 'evil or sin,' is contantly employed in Budddist works; see Burnouf, Lotus, p. 443.] p. 7 mourns in the next; he mourns in both. He mourns and suffers when he sees the evil of his own work. 16. The virtuous man delights in this world, and he delights in the next; he delights in both. He delights and rejoices, when he sees the purity of his own work. 17. The evil-doer suffers in this world, and he suffers in the next; he suffers in both.
Themes
Detachment Gelassenheitpraxis

Eckhart's Abgeschiedenheit/Gelassenheit — radical letting-go of will, image, and grasping that opens the soul to God; distinct from inner_silence (quietness) and from material renunciation, and adjacent to Sufi tark and Buddhist non-grasping as a practice rather than a metaphysical claim.

The text emphasizes following 'true desires' rather than vain ones, implying a letting-go of worldly attachments.

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Good Thought Word Deedethics

The Zoroastrian triad of right thought, right speech, and right action as the foundation of ethical life; truth-in-living.

The passage centrally discusses the alignment of thought (truth/untruth), speech (virtue/evil-doer), and action (purity/work) as the foundation of ethical life.

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Inner Lightanthropology

The divine spark or luminous quality residing within the human person, potentially recognisable through introspection.

The 'well-thatched house' metaphor represents an internal state of clarity and virtue that protects against spiritual destruction.

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Kingdom Withinanthropology

The claim that the divine realm is present inside the individual, accessible without external mediation.

The text describes the 'purity of his own work' residing within the virtuous man as the source of his delight in both worlds.

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Meditationpraxis

Disciplined inward attention — sitting, focused, or open-awareness practice — as a stand-alone term that umbrellas active_contemplation, inner_silence, and dhyana-style sitting.

The 'well-reflecting mind' implies a disciplined inward attention necessary to withstand passion and achieve truth.

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Paradox As Teachingethics

Using apparent contradiction, reversal, or riddle to destabilise ordinary understanding and induce insight.

The text uses the pun on kâsâya/nish-kashâya and the contrast of rain breaking through houses to destabilize ordinary understanding and convey spiritual insight.

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Ritual Puritypraxis

The maintenance of a state of cleanliness—physical, moral, or spiritual—required for encounter with the divine.

The passage explicitly discusses cleansing oneself from sin and the significance of the yellow garment as a symbol of purity required for virtue.

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Self Examinationpraxis

Daily review of thought and action as spiritual practice.

The text instructs the reader to know truth in truth and untruth in untruth, emphasizing introspective knowledge over external appearance.

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Soul Migrationcosmology

The transmigration of the soul across lives.

References to suffering and delight in 'this world' and the 'next' imply a continuation of existence beyond death.

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