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Plato: Symposium · 28 of 36 · tr. Benjamin Jowett

Section 1|

This, my dear Socrates," said the stranger of Mantineia, "is that life above all others which man should live, in the contemplation of beauty absolute; a beauty which if you once beheld, you would see not to be after the measure of gold, and garments, and fair boys and youths, whose presence now entrances you; and you and many a one would be content to live seeing them only and conversing with them without meat or drink, if that were possible-you only want to look at them and to be with them. But what if man had eyes to see the true beauty-the divine beauty, I mean, pure and dear and unalloyed, not clogged with the pollutions of mortality and all the colours and vanities of human life-thither looking, and holding converse with the true beauty simple and divine? Remember how in that communion only, beholding beauty with the eye of the mind, he will be enabled to bring forth, not images of beauty, but realities (for he has hold not of an image but of a reality), and bringing forth and nourishing true virtue to become the friend of God and be immortal, if mortal man may. Would that be an ignoble life?" Such, Phaedrus-and I speak not only to you, but to all of you-were the words of Diotima; and I am persuaded of their truth. And being persuaded of them, I try to persuade others, that in the attainment of this end human nature will not easily find a helper better than love: And therefore, also, I say that every man ought to honour him as I myself honour him, and walk in his ways, and exhort others to do the same, and praise the power and spirit of love according to the measure of my ability now and ever. The words which I have spoken, you, Phaedrus, may call an encomium of love, or anything else which you please. When Socrates had done speaking, the company applauded, and Aristophanes was beginning to say something in answer to the allusion which Socrates had made to his own speech, when suddenly there was a great knocking at the door of the house, as of revellers, and the sound of a flute-girl was heard. Agathon told the attendants to go and see who were the intruders. "If they are friends of ours," he said, "invite them in, but if not, say that the drinking is over." A little while afterwards they heard the voice of Alcibiades resounding in the court; he was in a great state of intoxication and kept roaring and shouting "Where is Agathon? Lead me to Agathon," and at length, supported by the flute-girl and some of his attendants, he found his way to them. "Hail, friends," he said, appearing-at the door crown, with a massive garland of ivy and violets, his head flowing with ribands. "Will you have a very drunken man as a companion of your revels? Or shall I crown Agathon, which was my intention in coming, and go away? For I was unable to come yesterday, and therefore I am here to-day, carrying on my head these ribands, that taking them from my own head, I may crown the head of this fairest and wisest of men, as I may be allowed to call him. Will you laugh at me because I am drunk? Yet I know very well that I am speaking the truth, although you may laugh. But first tell me; if I come in shall we have the understanding of which I spoke? Will you drink with me or not?" The company were vociferous in begging that he would take his place among them, and Agathon specially invited him.
Themes
Active Contemplationpraxis

A form of meditation that uses imagery, imagination, or symbolic thought rather than purely empty stillness.

The practice is defined as 'beholding beauty with the eye of the mind' rather than sensory perception.

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Anamnesissoteriology

Platonic recollection: knowledge as the soul's recovery of what it knew before birth, with learning as remembering rather than acquisition.

Socrates urges the listeners to 'Remember how' in that communion one brings forth realities.

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Body As Obstacleanthropology

The material body viewed as a prison, tomb, or source of error that hinders spiritual knowledge and return.

Mortality is described as 'clogged with the pollutions' that obscure the vision of true beauty.

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Detachment Gelassenheitpraxis

Eckhart's Abgeschiedenheit/Gelassenheit — radical letting-go of will, image, and grasping that opens the soul to God; distinct from inner_silence (quietness) and from material renunciation, and adjacent to Sufi tark and Buddhist non-grasping as a practice rather than a metaphysical claim.

The lover of beauty is described as content to live 'without meat or drink' if they could behold beauty.

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Divine Simplicitytheology

The doctrine that God has no parts, divisions, or composite attributes; pure undivided being.

True beauty is described as 'simple and divine', contrasting with the composite nature of mortal things.

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Fasting And Prayerpraxis

Ascetic disciplines that prepare the body and mind for spiritual receptivity or purification.

The text mentions living 'without meat or drink' as a hypothetical condition for the lover of beauty.

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Gnosis Direct Knowledgesoteriology

Salvation through direct experiential knowledge of the divine nature, not through faith, ritual, or moral works alone.

Salvation is achieved through 'beholding beauty' and holding converse with it directly.

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Hidden Sayingssoteriology

Esoteric teachings reserved for those ready to receive them; outer meaning conceals an inner liberating truth.

Diotima's teaching is presented as secret wisdom revealed to Socrates for the benefit of the few.

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Meditationpraxis

Disciplined inward attention — sitting, focused, or open-awareness practice — as a stand-alone term that umbrellas active_contemplation, inner_silence, and dhyana-style sitting.

The passage advocates for a life of 'contemplation of beauty absolute' as the highest human activity.

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Mystical Unionsoteriology

The merging of the individual soul or self with the divine, transcending personal identity.

The passage describes a 'communion' with true beauty where the soul becomes a friend of God.

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Opposites Transcendedanthropology

The dissolution of binary oppositions (male/female, inner/outer, above/below) as a mark of spiritual completion.

The ascent moves from 'images of beauty' to 'realities', transcending the duality of appearance and truth.

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Renunciation Of Wealthethics

The spiritual danger of attachment to material possessions; wealth as a spiritual obstacle.

The text explicitly rejects 'gold, and garments' as measures of beauty in favor of the absolute.

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Return To Sourcesoteriology

The soul's journey back to its divine origin, reversing the fall into matter through stages of purification or illumination.

The ascent to divine beauty is framed as a return to the origin of true virtue and immortality.

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Ritual Puritypraxis

The maintenance of a state of cleanliness—physical, moral, or spiritual—required for encounter with the divine.

Divine beauty is characterized as 'pure and dear and unalloyed', requiring freedom from mortal pollution.

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Theosis Deificationsoteriology

The doctrine — central to Eastern Orthodox and Maximian theology — that the human person is progressively transformed into a partaker of the divine nature by grace, not merely justified or united in passing ecstasy.

The text states that through this contemplation one becomes 'the friend of God and be immortal'.

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Ladder Of Lovesoteriology

Diotima's staged ascent from love of beautiful bodies → beautiful souls → beautiful pursuits → beautiful knowledge → Beauty itself; the canonical scala amoris that grounds Plotinus's On the Beautiful and Bruno's Eroici Furori — distinct from generic spiritual_ascent in that eros is the specific motive force.

[auto] The passage explicitly recounts Diotima's teaching on the ascent from love of physical beauty to the contemplation of Beauty Absolute.

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Spiritual Ascentpraxis

A staged journey of the soul upward through heavenly realms or levels of being toward the divine source.

[auto] The text describes a staged journey upward from mortal beauty to divine beauty as the path to immortality.

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Related passages · 9 parallels
celtic|The Mabinogion|Tale PEREDUR THE SON OF EVRAWCf
“Tell me, my soul,” said the man, “which of the youths thinkest thou plays best.” “I think,” said Peredur, “that the yellow-haired youth could draw blood from the other, if he chose.” “Arise thou, my life, and take the cudgel and the shield…”
Both passages explore themes of personal transformation and the pursuit of higher ideals. In Passage A, Peredur undergoes training to become a knight, learning manners, customs, and noble bearing, while in Passage B, Socrates discusses the contemplation of absolute beauty and the transformative power of love. Both texts emphasize the journey towards a higher state of being and the guidance of a mentor or teacher.
neoplatonism|Select Works of Plotinus|Select Works, Section 62 (part 1)
Section 1 1. Beauty addresses itself chiefly to sight; but there is a beauty for the hearing too, as in certain combinations of words and in all kinds of music, for melodies and cadences are beautiful; and minds that lift themselves above…”
Both passages explore the concept of beauty as a transcendent and divine quality that elevates the soul. They discuss the idea of beauty not just as a physical attribute but as a higher, more abstract principle that inspires virtue and brings one closer to the divine.
neoplatonism|Select Works of Plotinus|Select Works, Section 66 (part 1)
Section 5 5. These Lovers, then, lovers of the beauty outside of sense, must be made to declare themselves. What do you feel in presence of the grace you discern in actions, in manners, in sound morality, in all the works and fruits of vi…”
Both passages explore the concept of beauty and its effect on the soul, emphasizing the transcendence of physical beauty and the pursuit of higher, spiritual beauty. They share a mystical focus on the soul's longing for divine beauty and the transformation it brings.
neoplatonism|Select Works of Plotinus|Select Works, Section 66 (part 2)
The dishonour of the Soul is in its ceasing to be clean and apart. Gold is degraded when it is mixed with earthy particles; if these be worked out, the gold is left and is beautiful, isolated from all that is foreign, gold with gold alone.…”
Both passages explore the concept of divine beauty and the soul's aspiration towards it. Plato's Symposium discusses the contemplation of absolute beauty leading to immortality, while Plotinus' Enneads describe the soul's love for moral beauty and its longing to break away from the body to unite with the divine.
neoplatonism|Select Works of Plotinus|Select Works, Section 671
Section 32 32. Where, then? where exists the author of this beauty and life, the begetter of the veritable? You see the splendour over the things of the universe with all the variety begotten of the Ideas; well might we linger here: but ami…”
Both passages discuss the contemplation of absolute beauty and its transcendent nature, emphasizing the idea of a formless source of beauty that is beyond physical forms and shapes. They share a mystical perspective on the divine and the ultimate reality.
renaissance_hermeticism|The Heroic Enthusiasts, Part I (Gli Eroici Furori)|Second Dialoguee
Herein he proves that his love is truly heroic; because he proposes to himself as the chief aim, not corporeal beauty, but rather the grace of the spirit, and the inclination of the affections in which, rather than in the beauty of the body…”
Both passages discuss the nature of love and beauty, emphasizing the contemplation of divine or spiritual beauty over physical beauty. They share a mystical perspective on love as a means to elevate the soul and connect with the divine.
renaissance_hermeticism|The Heroic Enthusiasts, Part I (Gli Eroici Furori)|Third Dialoguea
. Tansillo . There are several varieties of enthusiasts, which may all be reduced to two kinds. While some only display blindness, stupidity, and irrational impetuosity, which tend towards savage madness, others by divine abstraction bec…”
Both passages discuss the concept of divine inspiration and the elevation of the human spirit through contemplation of beauty and the divine. They emphasize the transformation of individuals through this contemplation, leading to a higher state of being and understanding.
renaissance_hermeticism|The Heroic Enthusiasts, Part II (Gli Eroici Furori)|First Dialoguec
And I will say, because to me this pain Is dearer than all other pleasures are. Mar. In reference to this I told you that although one should be attached to corporeal and external beauty yet he may honourably and worthily be so attached;…”
Both passages discuss the contemplation of beauty as a path to higher spiritual understanding and divine connection. They emphasize the importance of transcending physical beauty to attain a deeper, more pure form of beauty and virtue.
taoism|The Writings of Chuang Tzu (Inner Chapters)|Book 128 (part 6)
There is the great Mass (of nature);--I find the support of my body in it; my life is spent in toil on it; my old age seeks ease on it; at death I find rest on it:--what has made my life a good will make my death also a good. 'Here now is…”
Both passages explore the concept of transcending the physical world and the human experience to connect with a higher, divine reality. They emphasize the idea of living in harmony with the natural order and the divine, and the acceptance of life and death as part of a greater whole.