← Home
Plato: Phaedrus · 37 of 38 · tr. Benjamin Jowett

Section 1…

But he who thinks that in the written word there is necessarily much which is not serious, and that neither poetry nor prose, spoken or written, is of any great value, if, like the compositions of the rhapsodes, they are only recited in order to be believed, and not with any view to criticism or instruction; and who thinks that even the best of writings are but a reminiscence of what we know, and that only in principles of justice and goodness and nobility taught and communicated orally for the sake of instruction and graven in the soul, which is the true way of writing, is there clearness and perfection and seriousness, and that such principles are a man's own and his legitimate offspring;-being, in the first place, the word which he finds in his own bosom; secondly, the brethren and descendants and relations of his others;-and who cares for them and no others-this is the right sort of man; and you and I, Phaedrus, would pray that we may become like him. Phaedr. That is most assuredly my desire and prayer. Soc. And now the play is played out; and of rhetoric enough. Go and tell Lysias that to the fountain and school of the Nymphs we went down, and were bidden by them to convey a message to him and to other composers of speeches-to Homer and other writers of poems, whether set to music or not; and to Solon and others who have composed writings in the form of political discourses which they would term laws-to all of them we are to say that if their compositions are based on knowledge of the truth, and they can defend or prove them, when they are put to the test, by spoken arguments, which leave their writings poor in comparison of them, then they are to be called, not only poets, orators, legislators, but are worthy of a higher name, befitting the serious pursuit of their life. Phaedr. What name would you assign to them? Soc. Wise, I may not call them; for that is a great name which belongs to God alone,-lovers of wisdom or philosophers is their modest and befitting title. Phaedr. Very suitable. Soc. And he who cannot rise above his own compilations and compositions, which he has been long patching, and piecing, adding some and taking away some, may be justly called poet or speech-maker or law-maker. Phaedr. Certainly. Soc. Now go and tell this to your companion. Phaedr. But there is also a friend of yours who ought not to be forgotten. Soc. Who is he? Phaedr. Isocrates the fair:-What message will you send to him, and how shall we describe him? Soc. Isocrates is still young, Phaedrus; but I am willing to hazard a prophecy concerning him. Phaedr. What would you prophesy? Soc. I think that he has a genius which soars above the orations of Lysias, and that his character is cast in a finer mould. My impression of him is that he will marvelously improve as he grows older, and that all former rhetoricians will be as children in comparison of him. And I believe that he will not be satisfied with rhetoric, but that there is in him a divine inspiration which will lead him to things higher still. For he has an element of philosophy in his nature. This is the message of the gods dwelling in this place, and which I will myself deliver to Isocrates, who is my delight; and do you give the other to Lysias, who is yours. Phaedr. I will; and now as the heat is abated let us depart. Soc. Should we not offer up a prayer first of all to the local deities? Phaedr.
Themes
Anamnesissoteriology

Platonic recollection: knowledge as the soul's recovery of what it knew before birth, with learning as remembering rather than acquisition.

The passage explicitly defines true writing as principles that are 'a reminiscence of what we know' and reside within the soul.

All passages →
Birth Of Word In Soulanthropology

Eckhart's signature doctrine that the Father eternally begets the Son in the ground of the soul; the human interior as the actual site of the divine generative act, distinct from inner_light's static indwelling.

Socrates states that principles are 'the word which he finds in his own bosom,' locating the divine generative act within the human interior.

All passages →
Divine Intoxicationpraxis

Ecstatic, non-rational receptivity to the divine figured as drunkenness — Plato's symposium wine, Rumi's sukr, Eckhart's 'sober drunkenness'; the passive/receptive metaphor for divine encounter, distinct from divine_madness's active possessing rapture.

The text references 'Nymphs' and describes a state of being bidden by them, using wine imagery associated with ecstatic receptivity to divine wisdom.

All passages →
Gnosis Direct Knowledgesoteriology

Salvation through direct experiential knowledge of the divine nature, not through faith, ritual, or moral works alone.

True writing is defined as principles that are 'a man's own and his legitimate offspring,' emphasizing direct internal knowledge over external recitation.

All passages →
Inner Lightanthropology

The divine spark or luminous quality residing within the human person, potentially recognisable through introspection.

The text describes principles residing within the soul as the true source of clearness and perfection.

All passages →
Kingdom Withinanthropology

The claim that the divine realm is present inside the individual, accessible without external mediation.

The passage asserts that principles are 'a man's own and his legitimate offspring' found in his own bosom rather than in external writings.

All passages →
Living Godtheology

The divine conceived as active, present, and dynamic—not an abstract principle but a personal responsive reality.

The text invokes 'local deities' and describes them as active beings who 'bided' and sent messages to human recipients.

All passages →
Mystical Unionsoteriology

The merging of the individual soul or self with the divine, transcending personal identity.

The reference to Nymphs biding the souls suggests a union or communion between the divine and the human spirit.

All passages →
Paradox As Teachingethics

Using apparent contradiction, reversal, or riddle to destabilise ordinary understanding and induce insight.

Socrates uses the paradox that written words are merely reminiscence while oral instruction is superior to achieve true seriousness.

All passages →
Prayerpraxis

Direct address to the divine, whether petitionary, contemplative, or liturgical; speech and silence offered upward.

The dialogue explicitly concludes with a command to 'offer up a prayer first of all to the local deities'.

All passages →
Return To Sourcesoteriology

The soul's journey back to its divine origin, reversing the fall into matter through stages of purification or illumination.

The descent to the Nymphs and the instruction to return to the fountain symbolize a journey back to the divine origin.

All passages →
Self Knowledgesoteriology

The recognition of one's own true divine nature as the primary path to liberation; 'know thyself' as soteriology.

Socrates emphasizes that true wisdom is found in one's own bosom and that principles are one's own legitimate offspring.

All passages →
Spiritual Ascentpraxis

A staged journey of the soul upward through heavenly realms or levels of being toward the divine source.

The narrative involves a descent to the fountain of Nymphs followed by an ascent to convey divine messages.

All passages →
Related passages · 2 parallels
renaissance_hermeticism|The Heroic Enthusiasts, Part I (Gli Eroici Furori)|First Dialogueb
They do not consider that those rules serve principally as a frame for the Homeric poetry, and for other similar to it, and they set up one as a great poet, high as Homer, and disallow those of other vein, and art, and enthusiasm, who in th…”
Both passages discuss the nature and value of poetry and the role of rules in artistic creation. They emphasize the importance of genuine inspiration and the limitations of adhering strictly to established rules, highlighting the idea that true artistry transcends formal constraints.
western_esoteric|Tertium Organum (P.D. Ouspensky)|Chapter XXII (part 14)
How many arguments, how many religious struggles, how much of violence toward the thoughts of others would be rendered unnecessary and impossible if men would only understand that nobody possesses truth, but all are seeking for it, each in…”
Both passages explore the limitations of written language and the pursuit of higher truth. Plato emphasizes the superiority of oral instruction and the inner knowledge of justice and goodness, while the second passage discusses the ineffable nature of the divine and the limitations of human language in expressing ultimate reality.