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The Poetic Edda: Voluspo · 9 of 16 · tr. Henry Adams Bellows

Section 1i

On all sides saw I | Valkyries assemble, Ready to ride | to the ranks of the gods; Skuld bore the shield, | and Skogul rode next, Guth, Hild, Gondul, | and Geirskogul. Of Herjan's maidens | the list have ye heard, Valkyries ready | to ride o'er the earth. 32. I saw for Baldr, | the bleeding god, The son of Othin, | his destiny set: [31. Valkyries : these "Choosers of the Slain" (cf. stanza I, note) bring the bravest warriors killed in battle to Valhall, in order to re-enforce the gods for their final struggle. They are also called "Wish-Maidens," as the fulfillers of Othin's wishes. The conception of the supernatural warrior-maiden was presumably brought to Scandinavia in very early times from the South-Germanic races, and later it was interwoven with the likewise South-Germanic tradition of the swan-maiden. A third complication developed when the originally quite human women of the hero-legends were endowed with the qualities of both Valkyries and swan-maidens, as in the cases of Brynhild (cf. Gripisspo , introductory note), Svava (cf. Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar , prose after stanza 5 and note) and Sigrun (cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 17 and note). The list of names here given may be an interpolation; a quite different list is given in Grimnismol , 36. Ranks of the gods : some editors regard the word thus translated as a specific place name. Herjan ("Leader of Hosts"): Othin. It is worth noting that the name Hild ("Warrior") is the basis of Bryn-hild ("Warrior in Mail Coat"). 32. Baldr: The death of Baldr, the son of Othin and Frigg, was the first of the great disasters to the gods. The story is fully told by Snorri. Frigg had demanded of all created things, saving only the mistletoe, which she thought too weak to be worth troubling [fp. 15] about, an oath that they would not harm Baldr. Thus it came to he a sport for the gods to hurl weapons at Baldr, who, of course, was totally unharmed thereby. Loki, the trouble-maker, brought the mistletoe to Baldr's blind brother, Hoth, and guided his hand in hurling the twig. Baldr was slain, and grief came upon all the gods. Cf. Baldrs Draumar .] p. 15 Famous and fair | in the lofty fields, Full grown in strength | the mistletoe stood. 33. From the branch which seemed | so slender and fair Came a harmful shaft | that Hoth should hurl; But the brother of Baldr | was born ere long, And one night old | fought Othin's son. 34. His hands he washed not, | his hair he combed not, Till he bore to the bale-blaze | Baldr's foe. But in Fensalir | did Frigg weep sore For Valhall's need: | would you know yet more? 35. One did I see | in the wet woods bound, A lover of ill, | and to Loki like; [33. The lines in this and the following stanza have been combined in various ways by editors, lacunae having been freely conjectured, but the manuscript version seems clear enough. The brother of Baldr : Vali, whom Othin begot expressly to avenge Baldr's death.
Themes
Animismcosmology

The doctrine and worldview that natural phenomena, places, and objects possess inherent spirit, soul, or personality — and that the cosmos is populated by countless local, plural, embodied divine agents: kami in mountain and tree, sidhe in cairn and well, landwights in field and stone, nymphs in spring and grove, haltija in forest and lake, lares and penates in household and threshold, Iamblichean daemons in element and place. Distinct from monotheism (single transcendent God), pantheism (one underlying substance), and emanation_hierarchy (cascading single source); animism's signature is the plurality, locality, and embodied-in-landscape character of the divine.

Natural elements like the mistletoe are personified with agency, and spirits inhabit specific locations like the wet woods.

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Anthropomorphismtheology

Attributing human characteristics, emotions, or form to the divine; embodied divine imagery.

The passage depicts gods with human forms, familial relationships, and emotions such as grief and vengeance.

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Cosmic Dualismtheology

Ontological opposition between two primal principles (light/darkness, truth/lie, spirit/matter) as the fundamental structure of reality.

The narrative contrasts the gods with Loki, described as a lover of ill, suggesting an underlying conflict between order and chaos.

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Divine Providencetheology

Pronoia — the doctrine that the divine actively orders the unfolding of the cosmos and human affairs toward intelligible ends, against pure chance or blind necessity.

Baldr's destiny is explicitly stated as being set, reflecting a predetermined cosmic order or fate.

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Eschatological Judgmentsoteriology

Final, collective cosmic judgment as an event in which the wicked are sentenced and the cosmos restored; distinct from psychopomp_journey (individual passage at death) and emphasising verdict where Zoroastrian frashokereti emphasises restoration.

Baldr's death is identified as the first disaster leading to the final struggle, foreshadowing cosmic judgment or Ragnarok.

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Funerary Navigationpraxis

Texts and rituals guiding the soul through death.

The text references the bale-blaze funeral pyre and the specific destination of warriors in Valhall.

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Hidden Sayingssoteriology

Esoteric teachings reserved for those ready to receive them; outer meaning conceals an inner liberating truth.

The Seeress asks if the listener wants to know more, suggesting esoteric knowledge revealed through prophecy.

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Living Godtheology

The divine conceived as active, present, and dynamic—not an abstract principle but a personal responsive reality.

Deities like Odin, Frigg, and Baldr are portrayed as active agents who feel, plan, and suffer death.

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Psychopomp Journeycosmology

Guided passage of the soul through afterlife realms.

Valkyries are explicitly described as choosing the slain to guide them to Valhall for the afterlife.

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Ritual Firepraxis

Fire as medium of divine presence.

The mention of the bale-blaze indicates the use of fire in the context of funeral rites for the dead god.

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Ritual Puritypraxis

The maintenance of a state of cleanliness—physical, moral, or spiritual—required for encounter with the divine.

Vali is described as not washing his hands or combing his hair until he avenges his brother, indicating a ritual state of mourning.

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Sacred Namestheology

Divine names or formulas that carry ontological power, used in prayer, liturgy, or magical practice.

A specific list of Valkyrie names is provided, highlighting the importance of naming in the mythological tradition.

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Shapeshifting Transformationtheology

Form-mutability as a constitutional property of divine and preternatural beings — gods, heroes, spirits, and their human practitioners possessing inherent capacity to alter form across human, animal, plant, or elemental states. Loki and Odin's transformations in Norse, Math's pigs and Blodeuwedd's owl-shape and Pwyll's exchange with Arawn in the Mabinogion, the Greek Proteus, the Indian dasavatara, Vainamoinen's bird-flight in the Kalevala, Ovid's metamorphoses, the shamanic and witch's capacity for ritual form-change. Distinct from anthropomorphism (divine taking specific human form, single embodiment) in that anthropomorphism establishes a stable form whereas this concept establishes form's plurality and instability.

The notes connect the Valkyries to the swan-maiden tradition, implying a capacity for form change or hybrid nature.

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Related passages · 13 parallels
egyptian|The Egyptian Book of the Dead (Papyrus of Ani)|Chapter 22 (part 1)
PLATE XIV. §F. Vignette: The gods Osiris, Isis, and Ap-uat, and the TET. Text [CHAPTER XVIII.]: (1) The great godlike rulers who are in Abtu are Osiris, Isis, and Ap-uat. "Hail, Thoth, who madest Osiris victorious (2) over his enemies,…”
Both passages describe divine beings involved in the fate of deceased individuals. In Passage A, Valkyries choose the slain for Valhalla, and Baldr's death is avenged. In Passage B, gods like Osiris and Thoth judge the dead and ensure victory over enemies. Both highlight the role of divine figures in the afterlife and the resolution of conflicts.
egyptian|The Egyptian Heaven and Hell|Chapter 18 (part 1)
SEVENTH DIVISION OF THE TUAT. I. KINGDOM OF OSIRIS ACCORDING TO THE BOOK AM-TUAT. The name of this DIVISION, or HOUR, is THEPHET-SHETAT, the name of the Gate is RUTI-ASAR, and the goddess of the Hour is KHEFTES-HAU-HESQ-NEHA-HRA. On loo…”
Both passages describe a journey through a mystical realm involving divine figures and mythical creatures. They share themes of protection, transformation, and the overcoming of obstacles in the afterlife or divine journey.
egyptian|The Egyptian Heaven and Hell|Chapter 18 (part 2)
154-156); next come twelve goddesses of the hours, who face in the opposite direction, and are entreated to guide "the god who is on the horizon to the beautiful Amentet in peace." Beyond these is the great Crocodile, called ABSHE-AM-TUAT,…”
Both passages describe a journey through the afterlife involving divine beings and mythological creatures. They share themes of divine guidance, the fate of the deceased, and the presence of supernatural entities overseeing the transition to the afterlife.
egyptian|The Egyptian Heaven and Hell|Chapter 20
NINTH DIVISION OF THE TUAT. I. KINGDOM OF OSIRIS ACCORDING TO THE BOOK AM-TUAT. The name of this DIVISION, or HOUR, Or CITY, is BEST-ARU-ANKHET-KHEPERU, the Gate is called SAA-EM-KEB, and its Hour-goddess is TUATET-MAKETET-EN-NEB-S. The Boa…”
Both passages describe a mystical journey through a supernatural realm involving divine beings and rituals. Passage A details the journey through the Egyptian underworld, while Passage B describes the Norse concept of Valkyries and the fate of Baldr, both involving divine intervention and the afterlife.
finnic|The Kalevala|Rune XId
If ye do not heed this order, Ye shall badly fare as maidens; I shall sing to war your suitors, Sing them under spear and broadsword, That for months, and years, and ages, Never ye will see their faces, Never hear their merry voices, Never…”
Both passages deal with themes of fate, destiny, and the actions of supernatural beings (Valkyries in Passage B and Lemminkainen in Passage A) that influence human lives. They share a focus on the consequences of actions and the inevitability of fate within their respective mythological frameworks.
finnic|The Kalevala|Rune XIe
Was not born in lofty station, From a tribe of noble heroes, From a worthy race descended; But I have a sword of fervor, And a spear yet filled with courage, Surely these are well descended, These were born from hero-races, Sharpened by the…”
Both passages are rooted in Finnish and Norse mythology, respectively, and share themes of heroic deeds, divine intervention, and the significance of oaths and destiny. They both involve characters who are central to their mythological traditions and highlight the interplay between human actions and divine will.
finnic|The Kalevala|Rune XIIc
"Straightway I began my singing, Sang the archers with their arrows, Sang the spearmen with their weapons, Sang the swordsmen with their poniards, Sang the singers with their singing, The enchanters with their magic, To the rapids of the ri…”
Both passages explore themes of heroic deeds, magical powers, and the intervention of supernatural beings. They share a focus on the mystical and the heroic, though within different cultural contexts.
finnic|The Kalevala|Rune XIId
Spake the stout-heart, Lemminkainen: "Rise ye heroes of the broadsword, Ye, the earth's eternal heroes, From the deeps, ye sickle-bearers, From the brooks, ye crossbow-shooters, Come, thou forest, with thine archers, Come, ye thickets, with…”
Both passages draw from Finnish and Norse mythology, respectively, and involve the invocation of supernatural beings for protection and aid in battle. They share themes of divine intervention and the calling upon higher powers for assistance, reflecting a common mystical tradition of seeking supernatural support.
finnic|The Kalevala|Rune XVIc
Wainamoinen, brave and ancient, Calls aloud in tones of thunder, To the Tuonela deeps and dungeons, And to Manala's magic castle: "Bring a boat, Tuoni's daughter, Bring a ferry-boat, O maiden, That may bear me o'er this channel, O'er this b…”
Both passages deal with the theme of the afterlife and the journey to the realm of the dead. They share a common motif of a protagonist interacting with supernatural beings associated with death, highlighting the mystical and otherworldly aspects of their respective traditions.
greek_mystery|Orphic Hymns|Hymn XXXI. PALLAS (part 1)
XXXI. TO PALLAS. A HYMN. ONLY-Begotten, noble race of Jove, Blessed and fierce, who joy'st in caves to rove: 2 p. 157 O, warlike Pallas, whose illustrious kind, Ineffable and effable we find: Magnanimous and fam'd, the rocky height, 5 A…”
Both passages describe warrior goddesses who play significant roles in their respective mythologies. Pallas (Minerva) in the Orphic Hymns and the Valkyries in Norse mythology are depicted as fierce, divine figures associated with war and the afterlife, guiding or inspiring the souls of mortals.
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mesopotamian|Enuma Elish: The Epic of Creation|1b
let us wage war!" ... the gods in the midst of... ... for the gods did she create. They banded themselves together and at the side of Tiamat they advanced; They were furious; they devised mischief without resting night and day. They pr…”
Both passages describe a scenario where divine or semi-divine figures prepare for and engage in conflict. In the Enuma Elish, Tiamat creates monstrous beings to wage war against the gods, while in the Norse passage, Valkyries prepare for battle and the death of Baldr is described. Both texts involve divine intervention and the preparation for a significant conflict.
mesopotamian|Enuma Elish: The Epic of Creation|1c
Whoever beholdeth them is overcome by terror, Their bodies rear up and none can withstand their attack. She hath set up vipers, and dragons, and the monster Lahamu, And hurricanes and raging hounds, and scorpion-men, And mighty tempests, a…”
Both passages describe mythological battles involving divine figures and their followers. They share themes of cosmic conflict, the elevation of certain figures to power, and the preparation for a significant battle, reflecting a common archetype of divine struggle in different mythological traditions.
mesopotamian|Enuma Elish: The Epic of Creation|1h
She recited an incantation, she pronounced her spell, And the gods of the battle cried out for their weapons. Then advanced Tiamat and Marduk, the counselor of the gods; To the fight they came on, to the battle they drew nigh. The lord sp…”
Both passages describe a cosmic battle where a primary deity (Marduk in Enuma Elish and Odin/Baldr in the Norse myth) confronts and defeats a chaotic force (Tiamat and Baldr's death respectively). They share themes of divine conflict, order emerging from chaos, and the establishment of a new cosmic order.