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The Dhammapada · 1 of 2 · tr. F. Max Müller

Chapter II, Section 1a

p. 9 CHAPTER II. ON EARNESTNESS [1] . 21. Earnestness is the path of immortality (Nirvâ n a), thoughtlessness the path of death. Those who are in earnest do not die, those who are thoughtless are as if dead already. 22. Those who are advanced in earnestness, having understood this clearly, delight in earnestness, and rejoice in the knowledge of the Ariyas (the elect). 23. These wise people, meditative, steady, always possessed of strong powers, attain to Nirvâ n a, the highest happiness. [1. There is nothing in the tenth section of the Dhammapada, as translated by Beal, corresponding to the verses of this chapter. 21. Apramâda, which Fausböll translates by 'vigilantia,' Gogerly by 'religion,' Childers by 'diligence,' expresses literally the absence of that giddiness or thoughtlessness which characterizes the state of mind of worldly people. It is the first entering into oneself, and hence all virtues are said to have their root in apramâda. (Ye ke k i kusalâ dhammâ sabbe te appamâdamûlakâ.) I have translated it by 'earnestness,' sometimes by 'reflection.' 'Immortality,' am ri ta, is explained by Buddhaghosa as Nirvâ n a. Am ri ta is used, no doubt, as a synonym of Nirvâ n a, but this very fact shows how many different conceptions entered from the very first into the Nirvâ n a of the Buddhists. See Childers, s.v. nibbâna, p. 269. This verse, as recited to A s oka; occurs in the Dîpava m sa VI, 53, and in the Mahâva m sa, p. 25. See also Sanatsu g âtîya, translated by Telang, Sacred Books of the East, vol. viii. p. 138. 22. The Ariyas, the noble or elect, are those who have entered on the path that leads to Nirvâ n a; see Köppen, p. 396. Their knowledge and general status is minutely described; see Köppen, p. 436. 23. Childers, s.v. nibbâna, thinks that nibbâna here and in many other places means Arhatship.] p. 10 24. If an earnest person has roused himself, if he is not forgetful, if his deeds are pure, if he acts with consideration, if he restrains himself, and lives according to law,--then his glory will increase. 25. By rousing himself, by earnestness, by restraint and control, the wise man may make for himself an island which no flood can overwhelm. 26. Fools follow after vanity, men of evil wisdom. The wise man keeps earnestness as his best jewel. 27. Follow not after vanity, nor after the enjoyment of love and lust! He who is earnest and meditative, obtains ample joy. 28. When the learned man drives away vanity by earnestness, he, the wise, climbing the terraced heights of wisdom, looks down upon the fools, serene he looks upon the toiling crowd, as one that stands on a mountain looks down upon them that stand upon the plain. 29. Earnest among the thoughtless, awake among the sleepers, the wise man advances like a racer, leaving behind the hack. 30. By earnestness did Maghavan (Indra) rise to the lordship of the gods. People praise earnestness; thoughtlessness is always blamed. 31.
Themes
Active Contemplationpraxis

A form of meditation that uses imagery, imagination, or symbolic thought rather than purely empty stillness.

Verses 22 and 23 describe meditative and steady states as prerequisites for attaining Nirvana.

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Detachment Gelassenheitpraxis

Eckhart's Abgeschiedenheit/Gelassenheit — radical letting-go of will, image, and grasping that opens the soul to God; distinct from inner_silence (quietness) and from material renunciation, and adjacent to Sufi tark and Buddhist non-grasping as a practice rather than a metaphysical claim.

The instruction to 'restrain himself' and live according to law implies a letting-go of worldly attachments.

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Gnosis Direct Knowledgesoteriology

Salvation through direct experiential knowledge of the divine nature, not through faith, ritual, or moral works alone.

Salvation is linked to 'understanding this clearly' and the knowledge of the Ariyas rather than ritual alone.

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Good Thought Word Deedethics

The Zoroastrian triad of right thought, right speech, and right action as the foundation of ethical life; truth-in-living.

The passage explicitly links right thought (earnestness), word (restraint), and deed (pure actions) as the path to immortality.

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Kingdom Withinanthropology

The claim that the divine realm is present inside the individual, accessible without external mediation.

The text emphasizes internal states like earnestness and restraint over external actions or possessions.

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Meditationpraxis

Disciplined inward attention — sitting, focused, or open-awareness practice — as a stand-alone term that umbrellas active_contemplation, inner_silence, and dhyana-style sitting.

Meditation is explicitly listed as a key virtue alongside earnestness that leads to Nirvana.

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Paradox As Teachingethics

Using apparent contradiction, reversal, or riddle to destabilise ordinary understanding and induce insight.

The statement 'those who are thoughtless are as if dead already' uses paradox to convey spiritual insight.

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Ritual Puritypraxis

The maintenance of a state of cleanliness—physical, moral, or spiritual—required for encounter with the divine.

Purity of deeds is listed as a condition for glory and spiritual advancement.

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Self Examinationpraxis

Daily review of thought and action as spiritual practice.

The verses urge the wise man to be awake among sleepers and rouse himself from thoughtlessness.

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Spiritual Ascentpraxis

A staged journey of the soul upward through heavenly realms or levels of being toward the divine source.

Verses 28 and 31 describe the wise man climbing terraced heights of wisdom and rising to lordship like Indra.

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Related passages · 4 parallels
christian_mysticism|Pseudo-Dionysius: The Divine Names|Chapter 7, Section 1a
CHAPTER VII Concerning “Wisdom,” “Mind,” “Reason,” “Truth,” “Faith.” 1. Now, if it like thee, let us consider the Good and Eternal Life as Wise and as Very Wisdom, or rather as the Fount of all wisdom and as Transcending all wisdom and und…”
Both passages emphasize the importance of earnestness or wisdom in attaining a higher spiritual state. Passage A discusses earnestness as the path to Nirvana, while Passage B talks about the transcendent wisdom that comes from God, both highlighting the transformative power of these qualities.
christian_mysticism|The Life and Doctrines of Jacob Boehme|Chapter 14 (part 1)
p. 289 CHAPTER XIV. DEATH AND ETERNAL LIFE. "The mystic death is the beginning of eternal life." Man is a product of three worlds His spirit is of God, his soul from the constellation of the astral elements, his body from the elements of…”
Both passages discuss the concept of earnestness or vigilance as a path to a higher spiritual state or immortality. They emphasize the importance of self-awareness and the consequences of thoughtlessness, though they use different terminology and frameworks (Nirvana in Buddhism and eternal life in Christian mysticism).
greek_mystery|The Golden Verses of Pythagoras|Section 5 (part 1)
p. 9 NOTES ON THE GOLDEN VERSES OF PYTHAGORAS FROM THE COMMENTARIES OF HIEROCLES. The Golden Verses may be divided into two parts, the first treating of the Practical or Human Virtues, whose aim is the making of Good Men; and the second,…”
Both passages emphasize the pursuit of higher virtues and the attainment of a divine or enlightened state. The Golden Verses of Pythagoras discuss the path to becoming god-like through practical and contemplative virtues, while the Dhammapada emphasizes earnestness as the path to immortality (Nirvana) and the highest happiness.
neoplatonism|Select Works of Plotinus|Select Works, Section 648
Section 9 9. Admitted, then- it will be said- for the nobler forms of life; but how can the divine contain the mean, the unreasoning? The mean is the unreasoning, since value depends upon reason and the worth of the intellective implies wor…”
Both passages discuss the importance of earnestness or reason in achieving a higher state of being, whether it be Nirvana in Buddhism or the divine realm in Neoplatonism. They emphasize the distinction between the wise and the foolish, and the path to enlightenment or divine understanding.