Genesis (American Standard Version, 1901) · 20 of 73 · tr. American Standard Version (1901)
18:5-18:26
[18:5] and I will fetch a morsel of bread, and strengthen ye your heart; after that ye shall pass on: forasmuch as ye are come to your servant. And they said, So do, as thou hast said.
[18:6] And Abraham hastened into the tent unto Sarah, and said, Make ready quickly three measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes.
[18:7] And Abraham ran unto the herd, and fetched a calf tender and good, and gave it unto the servant; and he hasted to dress it.
[18:8] And he took butter, and milk, and the calf which he had dressed, and set it before them; and he stood by them under the tree, and they did eat.
[18:9] And they said unto him, Where is Sarah thy wife? And he said, Behold, in the tent.
[18:10] And he said, I will certainly return unto thee when the season cometh round; and, lo, Sarah thy wife shall have a son. And Sarah heard in the tent door, which was behind him.
[18:11] Now Abraham and Sarah were old, and well stricken in age; it had ceased to be with Sarah after the manner of women.
[18:12] And Sarah laughed within herself, saying, After I am waxed old shall I have pleasure, my lord being old also?
[18:13] And Jehovah said unto Abraham, Wherefore did Sarah laugh, saying, Shall I of a surety bear a child, who am old?
[18:14] Is anything too hard for Jehovah? At the set time I will return unto thee, when the season cometh round, and Sarah shall have a son.
[18:15] Then Sarah denied, saying, I laughed not; for she was afraid. And he said, Nay; but thou didst laugh.
[18:16] And the men rose up from thence, and looked toward Sodom: and Abraham went with them to bring them on the way.
[18:17] And Jehovah said, Shall I hide from Abraham that which I do;
[18:18] seeing that Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him?
[18:19] For I have known him, to the end that he may command his children and his household after him, that they may keep the way of Jehovah, to do righteousness and justice; to the end that Jehovah may bring upon Abraham that which he hath spoken of him.
[18:20] And Jehovah said, Because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and because their sin is very grievous;
[18:21] I will go down now, and see whether they have done altogether according to the cry of it, which is come unto me; and if not, I will know.
[18:22] And the men turned from thence, and went toward Sodom: but Abraham stood yet before Jehovah.
[18:23] And Abraham drew near, and said, Wilt thou consume the righteous with the wicked?
[18:24] Peradventure there are fifty righteous within the city: wilt thou consume and not spare the place for the fifty righteous that are therein?
[18:25] That be far from thee to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked, that so the righteous should be as the wicked; that be far from thee: shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?
[18:26] And Jehovah said, If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare all the place for their sake.
Attributing human characteristics, emotions, or form to the divine; embodied divine imagery.
Divine beings appear as men who eat, Abraham hosts them at a meal, and God is described as going down to see and returning at a set time — all embodied divine imagery.
Abraham's appeal — 'shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?' — invokes the principle that cosmic justice is the fundamental structure of divine action.
A binding agreement or relationship between the divine and a people or individual, establishing mutual obligations.
The passage is fundamentally structured around the covenantal relationship between God and Abraham — the promise of a son, the declaration that all nations shall be blessed in him, and the expectation that his household will keep the way of Jehovah.
Pronoia — the doctrine that the divine actively orders the unfolding of the cosmos and human affairs toward intelligible ends, against pure chance or blind necessity.
God actively orders the unfolding of events — promising to return at the appointed time, declaring His intention to investigate Sodom, and responding to Abraham's plea with a specific conditional judgment.
The divine conceived as active, present, and dynamic—not an abstract principle but a personal responsive reality.
God is portrayed as actively present, speaking, responding to Abraham's intercession, and personally going down to investigate Sodom — a dynamic, personal, responsive reality rather than an abstract principle.
Direct address to the divine, whether petitionary, contemplative, or liturgical; speech and silence offered upward.
Abraham's intercession (vv. 23-25) is a clear instance of direct petitionary address to the divine, appealing to divine justice and negotiating the terms of judgment.