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Plato: Timaeus · 50 of 50 · tr. Benjamin Jowett

Section 1’

And the most foolish of them, who trail their bodies entirely upon the ground and have no longer any need of feet, he made without feet to crawl upon the earth. The fourth class were the inhabitants of the water: these were made out of the most entirely senseless and ignorant of all, whom the transformers did not think any longer worthy of pure respiration, because they possessed a soul which was made impure by all sorts of transgression; and instead of the subtle and pure medium of air, they gave them the deep and muddy sea to be their element of respiration; and hence arose the race of fishes and oysters, and other aquatic animals, which have received the most remote habitations as a punishment of their outlandish ignorance. These are the laws by which animals pass into one another, now, as ever, changing as they lose or gain wisdom and folly. We may now say that our discourse about the nature of the universe has an end. The world has received animals, mortal and immortal, and is fulfilled with them, and has become a visible animal containing the visible-the sensible God who is the image of the intellectual, the greatest, best, fairest, most perfect-the one only begotten heaven.
Themes
Anthropomorphismtheology

Attributing human characteristics, emotions, or form to the divine; embodied divine imagery.

The text describes divine beings as 'transformers' who actively shape animals and worlds.

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Body As Obstacleanthropology

The material body viewed as a prison, tomb, or source of error that hinders spiritual knowledge and return.

The passage notes that the most foolish animals lack feet and are punished by being made to crawl or live in water.

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Demiurgecosmology

A secondary creator deity—often ignorant or malevolent—responsible for fashioning the material world, distinct from the supreme transcendent God.

The passage explicitly describes 'the transformers' who actively fashion animals and assign them elements based on their souls' purity or impurity.

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Divine Providencetheology

Pronoia — the doctrine that the divine actively orders the unfolding of the cosmos and human affairs toward intelligible ends, against pure chance or blind necessity.

The universe is described as having received animals and becoming fulfilled by them under divine ordering.

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Evil As Privationtheology

Augustinian and Plotinian doctrine that evil has no positive being of its own but is a lack, distortion, or absence of the good — denying ontological dualism while preserving moral seriousness.

The text attributes impurity to a lack of wisdom rather than positive evil substance.

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Living Godtheology

The divine conceived as active, present, and dynamic—not an abstract principle but a personal responsive reality.

The 'sensible God' is described as an active image of the intellectual realm that fills the universe.

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Monadcosmology

The absolutely simple, undivided first principle from which all multiplicity and existence flows.

The text refers to 'the greatest, best, fairest, most perfect' one only begotten heaven as a singular source.

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Soul Migrationcosmology

The transmigration of the soul across lives.

Animals are described as changing between classes based on their loss or gain of wisdom and folly over time.

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Unity Of Beingtheology

The doctrine that all existence is ultimately one substance or one divine reality; non-duality as a theological claim.

The universe is described as a 'visible animal' containing the sensible God who is the image of the intellectual.

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Related passages · 4 parallels
neoplatonism|Iamblichus: On the Mysteries|Chapter XVI
Descending, however, to particulars, the soul of animals, the dæmon who presides over them, the air, the motion of the air, and the circulation of the heavens, variously change the viscera, [74] 156 conformably to the will of the Gods. But…”
Both passages discuss the transformation and hierarchy of living beings based on their wisdom and connection to divine or cosmic principles. They share a conceptual parallel in their exploration of the soul, divine will, and the interconnectedness of all life.
neoplatonism|Iamblichus: On the Mysteries|Chapter VIIIr
But there are a certain few who by employing a certain supernatural power of intellect, are removed from nature , &c. The class to which these few belong is beautifully unfolded, as follows, by Plotinus, in the beginning of his Treatise on…”
Both passages discuss the hierarchical nature of beings based on their wisdom and connection to the divine or intellectual realm. They also share a Platonic framework, emphasizing the soul's journey and the distinction between the sensible and intellectual worlds.
neoplatonism|Iamblichus: On the Mysteries|Chapter VIIIŽ
But the Egyptians honoured the asp, the weasel, and the beetle, in consequence of observing in them certain dark resemblances of the power of the Gods, like that of the sun in drops of water. For at present, many believe and assert that th…”
Both passages explore the symbolic significance of animals in relation to divine principles and cosmic order. They share a theme of attributing divine qualities and cosmic meanings to animals, though they come from different mystical traditions.
renaissance_hermeticism|The Heroic Enthusiasts, Part I (Gli Eroici Furori)|Fourth Dialoguei
And amongst men the same thing is seen, according as some resemble one species of brute beast and some another: these having something of the quadruped, and those of birds, and, may be, some affinity, which I will not explain, but through w…”
Both passages explore the idea of transformation and the soul's journey, with Plato discussing the metamorphosis of souls based on wisdom and folly, and the Fourth Dialoguei describing the soul's struggle with material existence and its aspiration towards a higher state.