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Tao Te Ching · 25 of 81 · tr. James Legge

Chapter 25

There was something undefined and complete, coming into existence before Heaven and Earth. How still it was and formless, standing alone, and undergoing no change, reaching everywhere and in no danger (of being exhausted)! It may be regarded as the Mother of all things. I do not know its name, and I give it the designation of the Tao (the Way or Course). Making an effort (further) to give it a name I call it The Great. Great, it passes on (in constant flow). Passing on, it becomes remote. Having become remote, it returns. Therefore the Tao is great; Heaven is great; Earth is great; and the (sage) king is also great. In the universe there are four that are great, and the (sage) king is one of them. Man takes his law from the Earth; the Earth takes its law from Heaven; Heaven takes its law from the Tao. The law of the Tao is its being what it is.
Themes
Anthropomorphismtheology

Attributing human characteristics, emotions, or form to the divine; embodied divine imagery.

The Tao is metaphorically referred to as the 'Mother of all things,' attributing a gendered role.

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Correspondencecosmology

The Hermetic axiom that the structure of the cosmos is reflected at every scale — 'as above, so below; as within, so without' — making each level a legible map of the others.

The alignment of laws between Man, Earth, Heaven, and Tao suggests a structural correspondence across levels.

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Logoscosmology

The divine reason, word, or ordering principle through which the universe was created; mediates between the transcendent God and the material world.

The Tao functions as an ordering principle or 'law' that governs Heaven, Earth, and Man.

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Microcosm Macrocosmcosmology

The human being as a small-scale image of the entire cosmos; the body, soul, and intellect mirroring the structure of the heavens and the divine — distinct from correspondence in that it makes the human the privileged mirror.

The Sage King is listed as one of the four Greats, aligning the human ruler with cosmic principles.

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Numerical Mysticismtheology

Numbers, proportions, and mathematical relationships as the underlying structure of divine reality.

The text explicitly identifies four that are great in the universe, assigning significance to this number.

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Return To Sourcesoteriology

The soul's journey back to its divine origin, reversing the fall into matter through stages of purification or illumination.

The passage describes a cyclical movement where the Great becomes remote and then returns to its origin.

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Wu Weipraxis

Effortless action aligned with the spontaneous flow of the Dao; non-coercive, non-striving conduct that yields results without forcing — the sage acts without acting.

The law of the Tao is defined as being what it is, establishing the principle of naturalness underlying effortless action.

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Apophatic Theologytheology

Describing the divine only by negation—God transcends all positive categories and concepts; the via negativa.

[auto] The passage describes the Tao as 'undefined,' 'formless,' and states 'I do not know its name,' relying heavily on negation to describe the divine.

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Divine Hiddennesstheology

The supreme God's radical concealment beyond ordinary knowledge or perception; the Hidden Father.

[auto] The text emphasizes the Tao's remoteness and ineffability, stating 'I do not know its name' and that it becomes 'remote.'

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Divine Simplicitytheology

The doctrine that God has no parts, divisions, or composite attributes; pure undivided being.

[auto] The Tao is depicted as 'standing alone' and 'undergoing no change,' indicating an undivided, simple nature.

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Emanation Hierarchycosmology

A chain of divine beings or principles flowing downward from a single transcendent source (the One or the Father), each level less perfect than the one above.

[auto] A clear chain of dependence is outlined: Man follows Earth, Earth follows Heaven, and Heaven follows the Tao.

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Monadcosmology

The absolutely simple, undivided first principle from which all multiplicity and existence flows.

[auto] The Tao is described as 'standing alone,' 'complete,' and the singular source from which all things flow.

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Paradox As Teachingethics

Using apparent contradiction, reversal, or riddle to destabilise ordinary understanding and induce insight.

[auto] The author admits not knowing the name while simultaneously assigning designations like 'Tao' and 'The Great,' creating a paradox of naming the unnameable.

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Unity Of Beingtheology

The doctrine that all existence is ultimately one substance or one divine reality; non-duality as a theological claim.

[auto] The Tao is called the 'Mother of all things' and reaches everywhere, suggesting a fundamental oneness underlying existence.

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Related passages · 9 parallels
buddhism|Vajrakkhedika (Diamond Cutter)|Section 1i
Therefore it is called the Pra gñ â-pâramitâ. 'Then, what do you think, O Subhûti, is there anything (dharma) that was preached by the Tathâgata?' Subhûti said: 'Not indeed, O Bhagvat, there is not anything that was preached by the Tathâga…”
Both passages explore the concept of an ultimate, formless reality that is the source of all things. The Tao Te Ching describes the Tao as undefined and complete, while the Buddhist text discusses the nature of the Tathāgata and the emptiness of all phenomena, highlighting the interconnectedness and ultimate reality beyond form.
christian_mysticism|Pseudo-Dionysius: The Divine Names|Chapter 2, Section 1j
And since that Supra-Divine Being hath in loving kindness come down from thence unto the Natural Estate, and verily took substance and assumed the name of Man (we must speak with reverence of those things which we utter beyond human thought…”
Both passages discuss a supreme, undefined being that is the source of all things. The Tao Te Ching describes the Tao as the mother of all things, while the Christian mystical text describes a Supra-Divine Being that takes on human form and emanates creative energy. Both emphasize the unity and transcendence of this supreme being.
christian_mysticism|Pseudo-Dionysius: The Divine Names|Chapter 8, Section 1b
From this Source come the Godlike Powers of the Angelic Orders; from this Source they immutably possess their being and all the ceaseless and immortal motions of their spiritual life; and their very stability and unfailing desire for the Go…”
Both passages describe a fundamental, formless, and eternal source from which all things originate and are sustained. They emphasize the unity and interconnectedness of all existence, though they use different terminology and cultural contexts.
hermeticism|Corpus Hermeticum 2: The Serapeum|Section 1d
Not only, then, is God not understood by all, but both unto the gods and some of the men they out of ignorance do give the name of Good, though they can never either be or become Good. For they are very different from God, while Good can n…”
Both passages discuss the nature of a fundamental, transcendent principle (Tao in Passage A, God/Good in Passage B) that is the source of all things and is beyond human comprehension. They both emphasize the primacy and completeness of this principle.
jewish_mysticism|Sefer Yetzirah (The Book of Formation)|Section 1g
The Eighteenth Path is called the House of Influence (by the greatness of whose abundance the influx of good things upon created beings is increased) and from the midst of the investigation the arcana and hidden senses are drawn forth, whic…”
Both passages describe a foundational, transcendent principle that underlies and influences all of creation. The Sefer Yetzirah outlines the paths of divine influence, while the Tao Te Ching describes the Tao as the Mother of all things, highlighting a similar conceptual framework of an ultimate, guiding force.
neoplatonism|Select Works of Plotinus|Select Works, Section 458
Section 5 5. We return to our statement that The First remains intact even when other entities spring from it. In the case of numbers, the unit remains intact while something else produces, and thus number arises in dependence on the unit:…”
Both passages discuss the concept of a transcendent unity or principle that underlies and encompasses all things. Plotinus describes the Intellectual-Principle and a unity that transcends it, while the Taoist passage describes the Tao as the Mother of all things and the ultimate principle from which all things derive their law.
neoplatonism|Select Works of Plotinus|Select Works, Section 463
Section 10 10. Still, do not, I urge you, look for The Good through any of these other things; if you do, you will see not itself but its trace: you must form the idea of that which is to be grasped cleanly standing to itself not in any com…”
Both passages describe a fundamental, transcendent principle that underlies the existence of all things. The Tao in Passage A and the Intellect/Godhead in Passage B are both depicted as the ultimate source and sustainer of reality, existing before and beyond the physical universe.
neoplatonism|Select Works of Plotinus|Select Works, Section 568
Section 7 7. But Matter, it may be contended, is the source of existence to the Sensible things implanted in it. From what source, then, we retort, does Matter itself derive existence and being? That Matter is not a Primary we have establis…”
Both passages discuss the nature of ultimate reality and its relationship to existence and life. Plotinus describes a unified Intellect that encompasses all existence, while the Tao Te Ching describes the Tao as the origin and law of all things, including Heaven, Earth, and humanity.
western_esoteric|Transcendental Magic I: The Doctrine (Éliphas Lévi)|12. The Great Worka
DISCITE CRUX THE Great Work is, before all things, the creation of man by himself, that is to say, the full and entire conquest of his faculties and his future; it is especially the perfect emancipation of his will, assuring him universal d…”
Both passages discuss a fundamental, primordial principle that underlies the creation and functioning of the universe. The Tao Te Ching describes the Tao as an undefined, complete, and formless entity that is the mother of all things, while The Great Work discusses the Universal Magical Agent and the doctrine of Hermes as the means to achieve universal dominion and self-creation. Both texts emphasize the transformative power and the cyclical nature of this principle.