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Plato: Phaedo · 5 of 44 · tr. Benjamin Jowett

Section 1e

And I rather imagine that Cebes is referring to you; he thinks that you are too ready to leave us, and too ready to leave the gods who, as you acknowledge, are our good rulers. Yes, replied Socrates; there is reason in that. And this indictment you think that I ought to answer as if I were in court? That is what we should like, said Simmias. Then I must try to make a better impression upon you than I did when defending myself before the judges. For I am quite ready to acknowledge, Simmias and Cebes, that I ought to be grieved at death, if I were not persuaded that I am going to other gods who are wise and good (of this I am as certain as I can be of anything of the sort) and to men departed (though I am not so certain of this), who are better than those whom I leave behind; and therefore I do not grieve as I might have done, for I have good hope that there is yet something remaining for the dead, and, as has been said of old, some far better thing for the good than for the evil. But do you mean to take away your thoughts with you, Socrates? said Simmias. Will you not communicate them to us?-the benefit is one in which we too may hope to share. Moreover, if you succeed in convincing us, that will be an answer to the charge against yourself. I will do my best, replied Socrates. But you must first let me hear what Crito wants; he was going to say something to me. Only this, Socrates, replied Crito: the attendant who is to give you the poison has been telling me that you are not to talk much, and he wants me to let you know this; for that by talking heat is increased, and this interferes with the action of the poison; those who excite themselves are sometimes obliged to drink the poison two or three times. Then, said Socrates, let him mind his business and be prepared to give the poison two or three times, if necessary; that is all. I was almost certain that you would say that, replied Crito; but I was obliged to satisfy him. Never mind him, he said. And now I will make answer to you, O my judges, and show that he who has lived as a true philosopher has reason to be of good cheer when he is about to die, and that after death he may hope to receive the greatest good in the other world. And how this may be, Simmias and Cebes, I will endeavor to explain. For I deem that the true disciple of philosophy is likely to be misunderstood by other men; they do not perceive that he is ever pursuing death and dying; and if this is true, why, having had the desire of death all his life long, should he repine at the arrival of that which he has been always pursuing and desiring? Simmias laughed and said: Though not in a laughing humor, I swear that I cannot help laughing when I think what the wicked world will say when they hear this. They will say that this is very true, and our people at home will agree with them in saying that the life which philosophers desire is truly death, and that they have found them out to be deserving of the death which they desire. And they are right, Simmias, in saying this, with the exception of the words "They have found them out"; for they have not found out what is the nature of this death which the true philosopher desires, or how he deserves or desires death. But let us leave them and have a word with ourselves: Do we believe that there is such a thing as death? To be sure, replied Simmias. And is this anything but the separation of soul and body?
Themes
Body As Obstacleanthropology

The material body viewed as a prison, tomb, or source of error that hinders spiritual knowledge and return.

Socrates explicitly defines death as the separation of soul and body, positioning the physical form as a barrier to the true state.

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Cosmic Dualismtheology

Ontological opposition between two primal principles (light/darkness, truth/lie, spirit/matter) as the fundamental structure of reality.

The passage contrasts the 'good' and 'evil' realms and the 'wise and good' gods versus the 'wicked world'.

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Divine Hiddennesstheology

The supreme God's radical concealment beyond ordinary knowledge or perception; the Hidden Father.

Socrates claims he is certain of the nature of the gods beyond ordinary perception.

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Evil As Privationtheology

Augustinian and Plotinian doctrine that evil has no positive being of its own but is a lack, distortion, or absence of the good — denying ontological dualism while preserving moral seriousness.

The text contrasts the 'good' with the 'evil' and suggests that the good has something remaining for the dead while the evil does not.

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Gnosis Direct Knowledgesoteriology

Salvation through direct experiential knowledge of the divine nature, not through faith, ritual, or moral works alone.

Socrates asserts his certainty about the nature of the gods and the afterlife as a primary source of hope.

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Living Godtheology

The divine conceived as active, present, and dynamic—not an abstract principle but a personal responsive reality.

Socrates refers to gods who are 'wise and good' as rulers of humanity.

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Mystical Unionsoteriology

The merging of the individual soul or self with the divine, transcending personal identity.

The passage implies a union with divine wisdom through the pursuit of death.

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Paradox As Teachingethics

Using apparent contradiction, reversal, or riddle to destabilise ordinary understanding and induce insight.

Socrates argues that those who desire death are pursuing it as a good, which is paradoxical to ordinary understanding.

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Psychopomp Journeycosmology

Guided passage of the soul through afterlife realms.

The passage describes the movement of the soul from body to gods and departed men after death.

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Return To Sourcesoteriology

The soul's journey back to its divine origin, reversing the fall into matter through stages of purification or illumination.

Socrates describes moving from the body to other gods who are wise and good, implying a return to a higher state.

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Spiritual Ascentpraxis

A staged journey of the soul upward through heavenly realms or levels of being toward the divine source.

The movement from death to other gods implies an upward journey toward wisdom.

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Related passages · 3 parallels
greek_mystery|Orphic Hymns|Hymn LXXXVI. DEATH (part 1)
LXXXVI. TO DEATH. The FUMIGATION from MANNA. HEAR me, O Death, whose empire unconfin'd, Extends to mortal tribes of ev'ry kind. On thee, the portion of our time depends, Whose absence lengthens life, whose presence ends. p. 225 Thy sl…”
Both passages explore the concept of death as a separation of the soul from the body, and they both suggest that the philosopher or the enlightened individual has a different relationship with death compared to the unenlightened. The passages share a mystical perspective on the nature of death and the afterlife.
mandaean|Gnostic John the Baptizer — Portents at John's Birth|Section 7
YAHYĀ proclaims and speaks: "Ye nobles, who lie there, ye ladies, who will not awaken,—ye who lie there, what will you do on the Day of the Judgment? When the soul strips off the body, on Judgment-Day what will you do? O thou distracted, ju…”
Both passages explore the theme of death and the afterlife, with a focus on the separation of the soul from the body. They share a mystical perspective on the nature of existence and the journey of the soul, though they come from different religious traditions.
taoism|The Writings of Chuang Tzu (Inner Chapters)|Book 126 (part 5)
They know that there is no alternative to their acting as they do, and rest in it as what is appointed; and this is the highest achievement of virtue. He who is in the position of a minister or of a son has indeed to do what he cannot but…”
Both passages discuss the acceptance of one's fate or duty, with a focus on the importance of virtue and the potential for personal sacrifice. They also explore the idea of communication and the risks associated with it, though in different contexts.